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Without regular supplies of some hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired; without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify our moods and our actions, our inclination to eat or drink, our aggressiveness or submissiveness and our reproduction and parental behavior. And hormones do more than influence adult behavior; early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individual's behavior capacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some endocrine glands and the body's changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging.
Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. The emergence of endocrinology as a separate discipline can probably be traced to the experiments of Bayliss and Starling on the hormone secreting. This substance is secreted from cells in the intestinal walls when food enters the stomach: it travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas to liberate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cells secrete chemical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant sasaran organs or tissues, Bayliss and Starling demonstrated that chemical integration can occur without participation of the nervous system.
The term "hormone" was first used with reference to secreting. Starling derived the term from the Greek “hormon”, meaning "to excite or set in motion." The term "endocrine" was introduced shortly thereafter. "Endocrine" is used to refer to glands that secrete products into the bloodstream. The term "endocrine" contrasts with "exocrine," which is applied to glands that secrete their products through ducts to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands are the tear glands, the sweat glands, and the pancreas, which secretes pancreatic juice through a duct into the intestine. Exocrine glands are also called duct glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless.
1. What is the author' s main purpose in the passage?
(A) To explain the specific functions of various hormones
(B) To provide general information about hormones
(C) To explain how the term "hormone" evolved
(D) To report on experiments in endocrinology
2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of hormones?
(A) Modification of behavior (B) Sensitivity to hunger and thirst
(C) Aggressive feelings (D) Maintenance of blood pressure
3. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?
(A) The human body requires large amounts of most hormones.
(B) Synthetic hormones can replace a person's natural supply of hormones if necessary.
(C) The quantity of hormones produced and their effects on the body are related to a person's age.
(D) The short child of tall parents very likely had a hormone deficiency early in life.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that, before the Bayliss and Starling experiments, most people believed that chemical integration occurred only
(A) during sleep (B) in the endocrine glands
(C) under control of the nervous system (D) during strenuous exercise
5. In line 14, the word "liberate" could best be replaced by which of the following?
(A) Emancipate (B) Discharge (C) Surrender (D) Save
6. According to the passage, another term for exocrine glands is
(A) duct glands (B) endocrine glands
(C) ductless glands (D) intestinal glands
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